2025: PLANT ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
A book by Samuel Robert Osu (Ph.D)
CONTENTS | PAGES
Dedication | iii
Acknowledgment | iv
Foreword | v
Preface | vi
Table of Contents | vii
List of Tables | xiii
List of Figures | xiv
List of Appendices | xvi
CHAPTER ONE
ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF HIGHER PLANTS
1.1 Plant Anatomy | 1
1.2 Plant Anatomy, Cytology and Histology | 2
1.3 Organisation of Cells in Seed Bearing Plants | 3
1.4 Relevance of Plant Histology in Higher Plants | 4
1.5 Cells and its Relationship in Higher Plants | 5
1.6 Summary | 5
1.7 Evaluation | 6
1.8 Tutorial Questions | 7
CHAPTER TWO
DIVERSITY OF CELLS: STRUCTURE AND SPECIALIZATION
2.1 General Information | 9
2.2 Diversity and Shapes of some Specialized Cells | 10
2.3 Organization of a generalised Plant Cell | 11
2.4 Description of the Cell Organelles | 14
2.4.1 Endoplasmic Recticulum | 14
2.4.2 Plastids | 15
2.4.3 Mitochondria | 16
2.4.4 Vacuoles | 16
2.4.5 Cell Sap | 17
2.4.6 Ribosomes | 18
2.4.7 The Nucleus | 18
2.4.8 The cell wall | 18
2.5 Summary | 22
2.6 Evaluation | 23
2.7 Tutorial Questions | 24
CHAPTER THREE
ORGANISATION OF VASCULAR AND NON VASCULAR PLANTS
3.1 General Information | 26
3.2 Plant Groups | 27
3.2.1 Bryophytes: Non vascular Plants | 27
3.2.2 Pteridophytes | 29
3.2.3 Gymnosperm | 32
3.2.4 Angiosperm (Flowering Plants) | 33
3.3 Characteristics of Vascular Plant | 33
3.4 Organisation of a Vascular Plant | 34
3.4.1 Leaves | 34
3.4.2 Stems | 36
3.4.3 Roots | 36
3.5 Summary | 36
3.6 Evaluation | 37
3.7 Tutorial Questions | 38
CHAPTER FOUR
PLANT GROWTH AND CELL DIVISION
4.1 General Information | 40
4.2 Growth and Basis of Growth in Plants | 41
4.2.1 Definition of Growth | 41
4.2.2 Basis of Growth in Plants | 41
4.3 Nature of Growth in plant | 43
4.4 Aspects of Growth | 44
4.4.1 Dry Weight | 44
4.4.2 Measurement of Plant Height |44
4.4.3 Region of fastest growth in
Plants | 45
4.4.4 Determination of the rate of growth of a Root | 46
4.4.5 Determination of the rate of growth of a Shoot | 47
4.5 Cell Division in plants: Mitosis | 48
4.6 Importance of Mitosis | 51
4.7 Meiosis | 51
4.8 Importance of Meiosis | 56
4.9 Similarities and Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis | 56
4.9.1 Similarities | 56
4.9.2 Differences | 57
4.10 Summary | 57
4.11 Evaluation | 58
4.12 Tutorial Questions | 59
CHAPTER FIVE
HISTOLOGY OF MERISTEMATIC AND PERMANENT TISSUES
5.1 General Information | 61
5.2 Meristematic Tissues 62|
5.3 Permanent Tissues 64
5.3.1 Simple Permanent Tissues | 64
Parenchyma | 64
Collenchyma | 65
Sclerenchyma | 65
5.3.2 Complex Permanent Tissues | 66
Xylem | 67
Phloem | 67
Epidermis | 68
Periderm | 68
5.3.3 Secretory Tissues | 69
5.4 Summary | 69
5.5 Evaluation | 70
5.6 Tutorial Questions | 71
CHAPTER SIX
HISTOLOGY OF PLANT TISSUE SYSTEM AND
DISTRIBUTION OF TISSUES
6.1 General Information | 73
6.2 Plant Tissue System | 74
6.2.1 Dermal Tissue | 74
6.2.2 Vascular Tissue | 75
Xylem | 76
Phloem | 77
6.2.3 Ground Tissue | 79
6.3 Characteristic Feature, Functions and Distribution
of Plant Tissues | 79
6.4 Summary | 80
6.5 Evaluation | 81
6.6 Tutorial Questions | 82
CHAPTER SEVEN
ANATOMY OF LEAVES
7.1 General Information | 84
7.2 The Leaf | 85
7.3 Part of a Dicot Leaf | 85
7.4 Part of a Monocot Leaf | 85
7.5 Simple and Compound Leaves | 86
7.6 Structure of a Leaf | 87
7.7 Mesophyll and veins | 88
7.8 Functions of Leaves | 90
7.8.1 Photosynthesis | 90
7.8.2 Transpiration | 90
7.8.3 Gaseous Exchange | 91
7.9 Healing of Wounds and Falling of Leaves | 92
7.10 Summary | 94
7.11 Evaluation | 95
7.12 Tutorial Questions | 96
CHAPTER EIGHT
ANATOMY OF STEMS
8.1 General Information | 98
8.2 Structure of Stem and Function | 98
8.3 Monocot and Dicot Stem | 100
8.3.1 Monocot Stems | 100
8.3.2 Dicot Stems | 100
8.4 Primary Growth in Stems | 101
8.4.1 Primary Tissues in Dicot and Monocots Stems | 102
8.5 Secondary Growth of Stems | 103
8.5.1 Formation of the Vascular Cambium | 103
8.5.2 Formation of Wood | 104
8.5.3 Formation of Bark | 105
8.6 Anatomy of Tree Trunk | 106
8.7 Summary | 107
8.8 Evaluation | 108
8.9 Tutorial Questions | 109
9.9 Evaluation 122
9.10 Tutorial Questions 123
CHAPTER NINE
ANATOMY OF ROOTS
9.1 General Information 111
9.2 Types of Roots 111
9.3 The Root tip and its Growth 113
9.4 Structure of a Young Dicot Root 114
9.5 Functions of Roots 116
9.6 Primary Tissues in Dicot Root 119
9.7 Secondary Root Tissues 120
9.8 Summary 121
CHAPTER TEN
MICROSCOPY
10.1 General Information 125
10.2 Light Microscope 126
10.3 Electron Microscopes 127
10.4 Use of the Compound Light Microscope 128
10.5 Identifying the Parts 128
10.6 Focusing the Microscope - Lowest Power 130
10.7 Focusing the Microscope - Highest Power 131
10.8 Rules for Effective use of Microscope 131
10.9 Total Magnification 131
10.10Field of View 132
10.11Depth of Field 133
10.12Microscope Examination: Temporary or Wet mount 133
10.13Onion Epidermal Cells 135
10.14Summary 136
10.15Evaluation 137
10.16Tutorial Questions 138
CHAPTER ELEVEN
MAKING BIOLOGICAL DRAWINGS AND WRITING OF EXPERIMENTAL REPORTS
11.1 Making Biological Drawing/Illustration 139
11.2 Materials required for Successful Drawing 140
11.3 Major weaknesses of Students in Reporting Practicals
In Plants Anatomy 140
11.4 Cutting of Freehand Sections 141
11.5 Writing Reports of Experiment 142
11.6 Summary 143
11.7 Evaluation 144
11.8 Tutorial Questions 145
CHAPTER TWELVE
PRACTICAL EXERCISES IN PLANT ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY
12.1 Section Cutting 146
12.2 Practical -1: Mounting 147
12.3 Practical -2: Microscope Examination 147
12.4 Practical -3: The Leaves (Dicot/Monocot) 147
12.5 Practical -4: Observation of Primary and Secondary
Thickening in Roots 148
12.6 Practical -5: Observation of Dicotyledonous Stem 148
12.7 Practical -6: Observation of Dicotyledonous Root 149
12.8 Practical -7: Sectioning and Staining Technique of Plant tissues 150
12.9 Essential Laboratory Experiments 151
12.10Evaluation 159
12.11 Tutorial Questions 160
Bibliography 161
Glossary 164
Appendices 184
Index 216