2025: TRANSGENESIS: THE PROCESS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL IMPROVEMENT

Authors:
Dr Samuel Robert Osu
Dr Samuel Eguom Osim
Dr Imo Robson Udosen
Dr Owoidihe Monday Etukudo
Dr Joseph Ibanga Udo
Ekeng Ita Okon
Emem Martin Eshiet

CONTENTS PAGES
Dedication-----iii
Acknowledgement---- iv
Foreword-----v
Preface -----vi
Table of Contents---- vii-ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction---- 1-3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 History of Transgenic Organisms-4-10
2.1 Transgenic Plants---4-7
2.2 Transgenic Animals ---7-10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Transgenic Organisms---11-17
3.1 Genetically Modified Crops-- 11
3.2 Transgenic Plant Technology-- 12-13
3.3 Genetically Modified Animal-- 14
3.4 Transgenic Insect Technology-- 14
3.4.1 Applications of Transgenic Insects
Technology-- 15-16
3.5 Genetic Modification to Improve
Biological Control Agents-- 16-17
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Engineering in Plant Metabolism-18-22
4.1 Engineering of Primary Metabolic
Pathways -- 18
4.1.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism-- 18-19
4.1.2 Amino Acid Metabolisms-- 19-20
4.1.3 Polyamines Metabolisms-- 20-21
4.1.4 Lipid Metabolisms-- 21
4.2 Engineering Secondary Metabolic
Pathways-- 21-22
4.3 Engineering Novel Metabolic Pathways 22
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Methods for Introduction of
Transgenesis---23-33
5.1 Methods for Introduction of Transgenesis
in Plants-- 23
5.1.1 Gene guns (Biolistics)-- 23
5.1.2 Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Medicated Transfer-- 23-24
5.1.3 Electroporation-- 26
5.1.4 Microinjection-- 26
5.1.5 Clustered Regulatory Interspaced
Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-26
5.1.6 Transcription Activator - Like Effector
Nucleases (TALENS)-- 27
5.2 Methods for Introduction of Transgenesis
in Animals-- 28
5.2.1Microinjection-- 29
5.2.2Viral Transfection -- 30
5.2.3Embryonic Sterm Cells Modification-31
5.2.4Spermatocyte - Medicated Gene Transfer 31-32
5.2.5Cloning: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
(SCNT)-- 32
5.2.6Transposon - Medicated Gene Silencing 32-33
CHAPTER SIX
6.0 Genetic Modification---34-40
6.1 Genetic Modification in Organisms-34-36
6.2 Types of Modifications-- 36
6.2.1 Transgenic-- 36-37
6.2.2 Cisgenic-- 37
6.2.3 Subgenic-- 37
6.2.4 Multiple Trait Integration-- 38
6.3 Types of DNA Modification-- 38
6.3.1 Insections-- 38
6.3.2Deletions-- 38
6.3.3Recombinase-- 39
6.3.4Quantification-- 39-40
CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 Applications of Transgenic Organisms 41-46
7.1 Applications of transgenic animals-41
7.1.1Biological Research-- 41
7.1.2Xenotransplantation-- 42
7.1.3Biopharming-- 42
7.1.4Detecting Pollution-- 42
7.1.5Population Control-- 43
7.1.6Disease Control-- 44
7.2 Applications of Transgenic Plants-44
7.2.1Vitamin enrichment-- 44
7.2.2Toxin Reduction-- 44
7.2.3Stress Resistance-- 45
7.2.4Pest Resistance-- 45
7.2.5Bioremediation-- 46
CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0 Positive and Negative Effects Derived
from Transgenic Organisms-47-49
8.1 The positive effects derived from
transgenic organism-- 47-48
8.2 The negative effects derived from
transgenic organism---49
CHAPTER NINE
9.0 Future Potential, Safety and
Ethical Issues---50-55
9.1 Future Potential---50-51
9.2 Safety and Ethical Issues-- 52-54